Freedom, creativity, spirit: Nikolai Berdyaev’s alternative metaphysics

Abstract

The monothematic coherence of ideas and concepts is a unique feature of N.A. Berdyaev’s philosophy. This peculiarity is provided by the constantly recurring and variably develop­ing themes of freedom and creativity, manifested in the works of the pre-revolutionary period and received conceptual religious and philosophical development in the eschato­logical metaphysics of the spirit. The struggle for “metaphysical idealism” became his main life’s work, understood as an expression of creativity of the spirit – as a spiritual feat of personality. The problem of freedom as an ontological basis was raised radi­cally by Berdyaev, which led to the transformation of the philosophical system of ideal­ism. On the one hand, Berdyaev justifies the autonomy of the creative spirit of man; on the other hand, he interprets all the events of life in an eschatological perspective. All this makes his philosophical project paradoxical both in its theoretical positions and in the ways of their presentation and argumentation. From our point of view, the final for­mula of Berdyaev’s religious philosophy, defined by the thinker as eschatological meta­physics, can justifiably be called an alternative to existing philosophical systems. The ar­ticle raises the question of what Berdyaev brings to the history of metaphysics as well as what are the features of his idealism, which, despite all the subjective radicalization and all its theoretical contradictions, claims the integrity and consistency of the philosophical program.